In this article I intend to focus the relationship between Rabindranath Tagore and W.B. Yeats, the two great world poets of modern time. W.B. Yeats came to know of Rabindranath Tagore when he got a copy of Tagore’s translated work on ‘ Gitanjali’ ( Song Offerings), sent by a noted Painter Rothenstein from London. He was excited as he went through his poems. Yeats then rushed to London to meet Rabindranath who was then staying with Rothenstein at his London residence. Rabindranath visited England third time in 1912 and this time he stayed with the Painter Rothenstein at his residence.The period was sometime on July 7, 1912. The friendship between the two greats started since then.
Tagore had initially shown his poems, Gitanjali (Song Offerings) to his family friend William Rothenstein. Rothenstein was a good friend to Abanindanath Tagore, a nephew of Rabindranath as both of them were painters. Rabindranath too was an accomplished painter. Rothenstein was overwhelmed and moved as he enjoyed the rhetorical simplicity and mystic philosophy of Gitanjali and immediately he passed them to W.B. Yeats., the Irish poet. Yeats reportedly burst into ‘a torrent of praise’ as he went through the manuscript of Gitanjali by Rabindranath. Later he commented, “… if someone were to say he could improve this piece of writing, that person did not understand literature.”. Yeats agreed to write an Introduction to Tagore’s Gitanjali – ‘Song Offerings’ – (a collection of 103 short poems or songs translated into English from original Bengali by the author). Rothenstein also showed these poems to Ezra Pound who also liked these and on his insistence Harriet Monroe published some of these poems in his Journal ‘Poetry’ (Chicago) and this helped Tagore to international fame and became a celebrity. Tagore was also introduced to Thomas Sturge Moore who too appreciated these poems:
It is necessary to mention here that the Painter Rothenstein, who then lived in London, organized a lecture program at his residence for Rabindranath and here Rabindranath read out his ‘Gitanjali’ (‘Song offerings’) to the learned audience and those who attended the program were spell bound and rushed to him on the following morning to congratulate him as they never heard of such kind of mystic poems which they called as ‘Divine and Sacred.’ Yeats wrote the ‘Introduction’ to Gitanjali (Song Offerings) in the following words:
Yeats’ Introduction to Gitanjali
“A few days ago I said to a distinguished Bengali doctor of medicine, `I know no German, yet if a translation of a German poet had moved me, I would go to the British Museum and find books in English that would tell me something of his life, and of the history of his thought. But though these prose translations from Rabindranath Tagore have stirred my blood as nothing has for years, I shall not know anything of his life, and of the movements of thought that have made them possible, if some Indian traveler will not tell me.’ It seemed to him natural that I should be moved, for he said, I read Rabindranath every day, to read one line of his is to forget all the troubles of the world.’ I said, An Englishman living in London in the reign of Richard the Second had he been shown translations from Petrarch or from Dante, would have found no books to answer his questions, but would have questioned some Florentine banker or Lombard merchant as I question you. For all I know, so abundant and simple is this poetry, the new renaissance has been born in your country and I shall never know of it except by hearsay. He answered, “We have other poets, but none that are his equal; we call this the epoch of Rabindranath. No poet seems to me as famous in Europe as he is among us. He is as great in music as in poetry, and his songs are sung from the west of India into Burma wherever Bengali is spoken. He was already famous at nineteen when he wrote his first novel; and plays when he was but little older, are still played in Calcutta. I so much admire the completeness of his life; when he was very young, he wrote much of natural objects, he would sit all day in his garden; from his twenty-fifth year or so to his thirty-fifth, perhaps, when he had a great sorrow, he wrote the most beautiful love poetry in our language. And then he said with deep emotion, `words can never express what I owed at seventeen to his love poetry. After that his art grew deeper, it became religious and philosophical; all the inspiration of mankind are in his hymns. He is the first among our saints who has not refused to live, but has spoken out of Life itself, and that is why we give him our love. I may have changed his well-chosen words in my memory but not his thought. ‘A little while ago he was to read divine service in one of our churches—we of the Brahma Samaj use your word `church’ in English—it was the largest in Calcutta and not only was it crowded, but the streets were all but impassable because of the people.’
Other Indians came to see me and their reverence for this man sounded strange in our world, where we hide great and little things under the same veil of obvious comedy and half-serious depreciation. When we were making the cathedrals had we a like reverence for our great men? `Every morning at three—I know, for I have seen it—one said to me, he sits immovable in contemplation, and for two hours does not awake from his reverie upon the nature of God. His father, the Maharishi, would sometimes sit there all through the next day; once, upon a river, he fell into contemplation because of the beauty of the landscape, and the rowers waited for eight hours before they could continue their journey. He then told me of Mr. Tagore’s family and how for generations great men have come out of its cradles. Today, he said, `there are Gogonendranath and Abanindranath Tagore, who are artists; and Dwijendranath, Rabindranath’s brother, who is a great philosopher. The squirrels come from the boughs and climb on to his knees and the birds alight upon his hands. I notice in these men’s thought a sense of visible beauty and meaning as though they held that doctrine of Nietzsche that we must not believe in the moral or intellectual beauty which does not sooner or later impress itself upon physical things. I said, In the East you know how to keep a family illustrious. The other day the curator of a museum pointed out to me a little dark-skinned man who was arranging their Chinese prints and said, “That is the hereditary connoisseur of the Mikado, he is the fourteenth of his family to hold the post.” He answered, When Rabindranath was a boy he had all round him in his home literature and music.’ I thought of the abundance, of the simplicity of the poems, and said, `In your country is there much propagandist writing, much criticism ? We have to do so much, especially in my own country, that our minds gradually cease to be creative, and yet we cannot help it. If our life was not a continual warfare, we would not have taste, we would not know what is good, we would not find hearers and readers. Four-fifths of our energy is spent in the quarrel with bad taste, whether in our own minds or in the minds of others.’ `I understand,’ he replied, `we too have our propagandist writing. In the villages they recite long mythological poems adapted from the Sanskrit in the Middle Ages, and they often insert passages telling the people that they must do their duties.’
I have carried the manuscript of these translations about with me for days, reading it in railway trains, or on the top of omnibuses and in restaurants, and I have often had to close it lest some stranger would see how much it moved me. These lyrics—which are in the original, my Indians tell me, full of subtlety of rhythm, of untranslatable delicacies of color, of metrical invention—display in their thought a world I have dreamed of all my life long. The work of a supreme culture, they yet appear as much the growth of the common soil as the grass and the rushes. A tradition, where poetry and religion are the same thing, has passed through the centuries, gathering from learned and unlearned metaphor and emotion, and carried back again to the multitude the thought of the scholar and of the noble. If the civilization of Bengal remains unbroken, if that common mind which—as one divines—runs through all, is not, as with us, broken into a dozen minds that know nothing of each other, something even of what is most subtle in these verses will have come, in a few generations, to the beggar on the roads. When there was but one mind in England, Chaucer wrote his Troilus and Cressida, and thought he had written to be read, or to be read out—for our time was coming on apace—he was sung by minstrels for a while. Rabindranath Tagore, like Chaucer’s forerunners, writes music for his words, and one understands at every moment that he is so abundant, so spontaneous, so daring in his passion, so full of surprise, because he is doing something which has never seemed strange, unnatural, or in need of defence. These verses will not lie in little well-printed books upon ladies’ tables, who turn the pages with indolent hands that they may sigh over a life without meaning, which is yet all they can know of life, or be carried by students at the university to be laid aside when the work of life begins, but, as the generations pass, travelers will hum them on the highway and men rowing upon the rivers. Lovers, while they await one another, shall find, in murmuring them, this love of God a magic gulf wherein their own more bitter passion may bathe and renew its youth. At every moment the heart of this poet flows outward to these without derogation or condescension, for it has known that they will understand; and it has filled itself with the circumstance of their lives. The traveler in the red-brown clothes that he wears that dust may not show upon him, the girl searching in her bed for the petals fallen from the wreath of her royal lover, the servant or the bride awaiting the master’s home-coming in the empty house, are images of the heart turning to God. Flowers and rivers, the blowing of conch shells, the heavy rain of the Indian July, or the moods of that heart in union or in separation; and a man sitting in a boat upon a river playing lute, like one of those figures full of mysterious meaning in a Chinese picture, is God Himself. A whole people, a whole civilization, immeasurably strange to us, seems to have been taken up into this imagination; and yet we are not moved because of its strangeness, but because we have met our own image, as though we had walked in Rossetti’s Willow Wood, or heard, perhaps for the first time in literature, our voice as in a dream.
Since the Renaissance the writing of European saints—however familiar their metaphor and the general structure of their thought—has ceased to hold our attention. We know that we must at last forsake the world, and we are accustomed in moments of weariness or exaltation to consider a voluntary forsaking; but how can we, who have read so much poetry, seen so many paintings, listened to so much music, where the cry of the flesh and the cry of the soul seems one, forsake it harshly and rudely ? What have we in common with St. Bernard covering his eyes that they may not dwell upon the beauty of the lakes of Switzerland, or with the violent rhetoric of the Book of Revelations ? We would, if we might, find, as in this book, words full of courtesy. `I have got my leave. Bid me farewell, my brothers! I bow to you all and take my departure. Here I give back the keys of my door—and I give up all claims to my house. I only ask for last kind words from you. We were neighbors for long, but I received more than I could give. Now the day has dawned and the lamp that lit my dark corner is out. A summons has come and I am ready for my journey.’ And it is our own mood, when it is furthest from `a Kempis or John of the Cross, that cries, `And because I love this life, I know I shall love death as well.’ Yet it is not only in our thoughts of the parting that this book fathoms all. We had not known that we loved God, hardly it may be that we believed in Him; yet looking backward upon our life we discover, in our exploration of the pathways of woods, in our delight in the lonely places of hills, in that mysterious claim that we have made, unavailingly on the woman that we have loved, the emotion that created this insidious sweetness. `Entering my heart unbidden even as one of the common crowd, unknown to me, my king, thou didst press the signet of eternity upon many a fleeting moment.’ This is no longer the sanctity of the cell and of the scourge; being but a lifting up, as it were, into a greater intensity of the mood of the painter, painting the dust and the sunlight, and we go for a like voice to St. Francis and to William Blake who have seemed so alien in our violent history.
We write long books where no page perhaps has any quality to make writing a pleasure, being confident in some general design, just as we fight and make money and fill our heads with politics—all dull things in the doing—while Mr. Tagore, like the Indian civilization itself, has been content to discover the soul and surrender himself to its spontaneity. He often seems to contrast life with that of those who have loved more after our fashion, and have more seeming weight in the world, and always humbly as though he were only sure his way is best for him: `Men going home glance at me and smile and fill me with shame. I sit like a beggar maid, drawing my skirt over my face, and when they ask me, what it is I want, I drop my eyes and answer them not.’ At another time, remembering how his life had once a different shape, he will say, `Many an hour I have spent in the strife of the good and the evil, but now it is the pleasure of my playmate of the empty days to draw my heart on to him; and I know not why this sudden call to what useless inconsequence.’ An innocence, simplicity that one does not find elsewhere in literature makes the birds and the leaves seem as near to him as they are near to children, and the changes of the seasons great events as before our thoughts had arisen between them and us. At times I wonder if he has it from the literature of Bengal or from religion, and at other times, remembering the birds alighting on his brother’s hands, I find pleasure in thinking it hereditary, a mystery that was growing through the centuries like the courtesy of a Tristan or a Pelanore. Indeed, when he is speaking of children, so much a part of himself this quality seems, one is not certain that he is not also speaking of the saints, `They build their houses with sand and they play with empty shells. With withered leaves they weave their boats and smilingly float them on the vast deep. Children have their play on the seashore of worlds. They know not how to swim; they know not how to cast nets. Pearl fishers dive for pearls; merchants sail in their ships, while children gather pebbles and scatter them again. They seek not for hidden treasures; they know not how to cast nets.”
W.B. Yeats, September 1912
Yeats’ hostility to Rabindranath
Tagore himself was a mystic and his literary output covers the whole range of his poetry, plays, novels, paintings and socio-political and cultural criticism. He is the only author to have written two national anthems : one for India and the other for Bangladesh. And never had he cared for Western appreciation. He sharply reacted and promptly returned his Knighthood after the infamous Jallianwallah Bagh (Amritsar) massacre in 1919. Yeats’ appreciation of Rabindranath came from ‘within’ of his poetic heart. His Introduction to Gitanjali speaks of his mind and here he came out with lavishing praise of Rabindranath. In fact Yeats believed that Gitanjali (Song Offerings) ‘led the chorus of adoration of the unfathomable spirituality’.
But we wonder in later days what moved Yeats to make an unethical comment showing his ‘firm neglect’ and ‘shrill denunciation’. Yeats went so far as to tell the world, “Tagore does not know English, no Indian knows English. Nobody can write with music and style in a language not learned in childhood and ever since the language of his thought.” It was most unbecoming on the part of W.B. Yeats to speak all these when he admired him most as he wrote of Tagore’s Gitanjali.
The same thing happened with Ezra Pound. He was also excited as he went through the poems of Gitanjali. Ezra Pound received a copy of Gitanjali (Song offerings) and on his insistence Harriet Monroe published some of the songs of the ‘Song offerings’ in the Journal, ‘Poetry’ (Chicago). Immediately these caught the attention of people in the West. Tagore is still favorite to many of his readers in the West. In 1985 when I was a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University, I talked on Tagore and Bangladesh quoting his songs and poems. A good many teachers came to me and congratulated me for introducing Rabindrtanath to them. I remember I also met Professor Diana Eck of Harvard at the Center for Study of World Religions (CSWR), who came to my room for a discussion. In my talk I mentioned the name of Amiya Chakravarti, who was once the Poet’s Secretary and a close associate. Amiya Charavarti was also a poet. Professor Diana Eck was a student of Professor Amiya Chakravarti when he had been working at the University of Chicago.
Yeasts criticism of Rabindranath, as I understand, was the outcome of a kind of misunderstanding with Tagore regarding translation of his poetry. Yeats suggested that this should have been done by an English scholar or an English poet. Rabindranath did not agree to it.
It is thus surprising and also is not understandable why Yeats behaved in such way against Rabindranath.
There is however another side of the coin. Here the English people admired Rabindranath for his unique and splendid translation of Gitanjali that made each of the English people attending the program spellbound.
Poet Buddadev Bose in his book, Kobi Rabindranath made a description of Tagore’s presentation of Gitanjali at the residence of Rothensteine to the audience. He stated that everybody was spell bound when Rabindranath presented the English version of Gitanjali. The theme and philosophy of Gitanjali was about Indian mysticism which was unknown to the world. Songs of the Bauls, particularly of Lalon, played a great role in the making of Gitanjali. But none responded to him as Tagore concluded reading of his Gitanjali in English as Song Offerings and they left the place without making any comments or talking to the Poet. The Poet felt very much embarrassed and was deeply shocked. But to his utter surprise, on the following day, Tagore received several phone calls and also there was a heavy rush of people who came to congratulate him for reading out his noble work,Gitanjali (Song Offerings) and disclosed that they were spell bound and even forgot to thank Rabindranath. Never had they heard of such kind of melodic religious poems that made God as the Man of the Heart. They apologized sincerely to the Poet for all these.
In such circumstances, it is indeed difficult to understand the reasons behind Yeats’s making so strong criticism against Rabindranath. Rabindranath immediately became very popular as a World Poet as soon as he was awarded ‘Nobel Prize ‘in 1913.
Tagore continued to be in circulation as a popular Poet, who represented India and her mystic culture quite unknown to the West. Tagore was greatly shocked because it was quite unexpected from W.B. Yeats, who happened to be his closed friend.
(The writer was formerly a Visiting Scholar, Divinity School, Harvard University(1985), formerly Supernumerary Professor of English, Treasurer and Vice Chancellor ( In-charge), Islamic University, Kushtia and Founder Director, Lalon Academy and presently Chairman, Folklore Research Institute, Kushtia-Dhaka. E-mail: [email protected].)
