Jonathan Power :
US aviation authorities banned the carrying of toothpaste on planes heading to the Sochi Winter Olympics for fear they might contain a deadly explosive. Apparently such is the creativity of the modern terrorist.
Other departments of the US government rather more seriously worry about the transfer of nuclear materials to a terrorist group fit for an improvised “dirty bomb” (where explosives are wrapped with radiological materials) capable of bringing panic to a city, although it would destroy only a block. Some go further and fear a small nuclear bomb could be smuggled in.
Are they really something to worry about? Presidents say they are, especially the nuclear bomb. George W. Bush warned in one speech that rogue states “could provide weapons of mass destruction to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred”. In her attempt to rally support for the decision to invade Iraq and topple Saddam Hussein, the then secretary of state, Condoleezza Rice, said, “Terrorists might acquire such weapons from Saddam Hussein’s regime to mount a future attack far beyond the scale of 9/11.” (She said this, despite having no proof that Iraq actually possessed nuclear weapons.) More recently, Barack Obama said, “The American people face no greater or more urgent danger than a terrorist attack with a nuclear weapon.” Perspective! Perspective! 9/11 was carried out in a pretty old-fashioned way – a Kamikaze attack popularised by the Japanese in World War II. It would be a mind-boggling step to think terrorists could leap from 9/11 to a nuclear weapon.
Some of the arguments against this likelihood are presented in an article in the latest issue of Harvard University’s International Security, written by professors Keir Lieber and Daryl Press.
If for some way-out reason a state did not fear US retaliation why would it outsource the job of attack to some terrorist group?
A state sponsor would worry that having given a terrorist group a weapon, the latter might use it against a target that was not intended.
Tracing culpability after an attack would not be difficult. Nearly 97 per cent of terrorist incidents are traced back to their perpetrators. And these are mainly small acts. The percentage is much higher for larger attacks. Moreover, few countries sponsor terrorist groups. Besides, it would be more than obvious where they got it from.
Passing a nuclear bomb to a terrorist group would be a fraught and risky undertaking. A state that did this would be wagering its life against high odds. If a state tried to do this it would have to find a group with the demonstrated capability of carrying out complex operations across international borders. Perhaps one group, Al Qaeda, could do this. But Al Qaeda has no state sponsor.
It has no source of nuclear materials. The US State Department reckons there are 51 foreign terrorist organisations. Nine of them have had state sponsors and only three of these are active. Such a small group is easy to monitor.
There is a formidable list of reasons why the US should not worry, but there are counter arguments.
Some say there are “loose nukes” around, principally available because of theft from badly guarded ex-Soviet Union stockpiles. However, earlier fears have not stood up to scrutiny. Some lowly enriched uranium was stolen but not a bomb itself and obviously not the technology to fashion a bomb. Nearly all the stolen uranium has been tracked down.
It is argued that tracing the source of an explosion carried out by terrorists would be exceedingly difficult. It would not. Even adversaries of the US would quickly want to prove they were innocent and would cooperate in every way, including detailed inspections. No state would put itself in a situation where there could be an assumption of guilt followed by massive retaliation.
Peace Bush, Rice and Obama. Your fears are overblown. Why do you attempt to rattle public opinion? A better rhetoric would be to play down the danger of such an attack, stressing how capable the US would be in tracing one, and warning a possible rogue state that it would bring down the roof on itself if it were found culpable of passing to terrorists a nuclear weapon.
(Jonathan Power is a veteran foreign affairs analyst )
