Frank-Jürgen Richter :
The Chinese “food aid” model could help developing nations in Asia and Africa boost their local production and prevent early deaths due to malnutrition. Food and water – we cannot do without them, but too often these resources are squandered and lost. The global population currently stands at about 7.3 billion, which the UN predicts will grow to about 11.2 billion by 2100 and then fall to a fairly constant level of 10 billion. As the world has become richer, families have opted for fewer children; most of the globe now has a replacement rate of less than two except for countries in sub-Saharan Africa and across much of Asia: future growth will be in these regions. China, in Asia, has good links to many nations in Africa and can exert great influence.
In its recent five-year plans, Beijing has focused on infrastructure expansion while maintaining growth. As a consequence, it has garnered a large sovereign wealth fund that may be spent on its future social aims – to support the elderly and enhance the learning potential of its children (it has just announced the scrapping of its one-child family policy).
It is approaching these aims in several ways; one has been to vastly increase its transport and telecoms infrastructure, another is by constructing many new towns to entice rural migrants away from the now overcrowded coastal cities that were originally responsible for China’s economic boom. The inland cities and towns are taking up this clarion call.
Another infrastructure change, a massive experiment, concerns the diversion of the southern Yangtze River water to the arid industrialised northern towns. The South-North Transfer should divert 45 billion cubic metres of water annually through a network of canals and tunnels – and water has just begun to flow north along its eastern phase. Of course, many people have been displaced along its route, and they have valid woes, but the greater good will be felt in the north where many poor people live, as well as the wealthy. Those who have been displaced ought to be relocated to new towns along the route benefiting from the infrastructure that aims to develop new local wealth.
The farms will more easily connect to market hubs via new rural roads, and the hubs can redistribute crops quickly by road, rail or air to distant markets
The 13th five-year plan aims to lift China’s remaining 70 million poor above the US$2 per day threshold. Beijing managed that task partially though its previous five-year plan by spectacularly meeting the UN Millennium Goals and I believe that its bedrock of infrastructure and momentum for change will allow it to meet the new goals.
On the way, the government will be able to reorganise its social welfare programme, or dibao, especially if tied to a rearrangement of the hukou system for new town residents, ensuring they have rights equally as good as traditional urban residents’. But this all takes time.
Meanwhile, rural farmers can be aided in the short term. There are fewer each year as older people die and the younger ones move to cities. This allows land to be consolidated into larger farms that are more amenable to modern methods and machinery, increasing yields. By better managing the soil, it has as a by-product an increased ability to capture carbon – aiding another of China’s aims: to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The farms will more easily connect to market hubs via new rural roads (also in the latest five-year plan), and the hubs can redistribute crops quickly by road, rail or air to distant markets. Cash flows along the food chain will increase intermediaries’ wealth and thus taxes for the government, and the economic flux will attract additional competitive entrants with new ideas for land husbandry: all in all, a positive system response.
But not all is plain sailing – achieving increased yields requires identifying alternative sources for competing uses of crop residues (for fodder, fuel and construction, etc) and balancing land use for crops versus housing or commerce. There is a need for a radical change in mindset at all levels of the social hierarchy. There must be a paradigm shift to the sustainable management of soil resources – through no-till farming, retention of crop residue as mulch and use of manure and compost to enhance soil fertility and generally reducing the overuse of chemical fertilisers and pesticides that leech into water systems.
By lifting yields at local levels, the rural population will become wealthier and healthier – while their excess crops can be consolidated in market hubs for effective distribution
All these aspects must be an integral component of any government programme related to improving agricultural productivity, achieving food security, enhancing water quality and mitigating climate change. And, in parallel, the development of food supply-chain management is needed, as well as educating consumers that slightly damaged fruit or vegetables are still wholesome. Across Europe and the US, it is remarkable how much food never reaches the supermarket shelves because of cosmetic rules on shape and size. The EU Commission even attempted to rule that bananas and cucumbers had to be straighter; fortunately the plan never went anywhere.
China, with its penchant for strongly devolved central management, can define a model of “food aid” that will support its own increasing demand for food from decreasing agricultural space (due to housing and industrial spread) and may increase the export of crops. By lifting yields at local levels, the rural population will become wealthier and healthier – while their excess crops can be consolidated in market hubs for effective distribution. This will reduce the losses “from field to fork” which, in India, are often said to be about 40 per cent of the original crop.
The Chinese model, supported by Chinese loans and Chinese managers, could be “exported” to countries across Asia and Africa to boost their local food production and prevent early deaths due to malnutrition. It will not be a panacea but a positive route to sustainability in regions predicted to have population growth. And such aid will show China to be an even better global citizen.
(Frank-Jürgen Richter is founder and chairman of Horasis, a global visions community).
