Glenn Geher :
Humans did not evolve to live in large-scale societies. Being nomadic for the lion’s share of human evolutionary history, ancestral humans had important ecological constraints on group size. If you are a nomad, you can’t really move an army of 100,000 people across the mountains every few months to chase game. Before the advent of agriculture, approximately 10,000 years ago, humans lived in small-scale societies. And our minds evolved to match these prevailing social ecological conditions .
In a small-scale society, you know everyone. And you can expect to interact with the same individuals for the long run. In such an environment, our ancestors evolved mental capacities that were shaped by evolutionary forces to thrive in such small-scale societies. Reciprocal altruism, or the tendency to help others with an implicit expectation of receiving help back at some point, emerged as a foundational aspect of the social, emotional, and cognitive worlds of our ancestors (see Trivers, 1985).
Further, under these prevailing conditions of human evolution (what some might call the EEA, or the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness), communication with others in one’s tribe was necessarily direct and was predominantly face-to-face. Written forms of communication didn’t emerge until well after the advent of agriculture-let alone telecommunications or internet-based communications. So for the bulk of human evolutionary history, intra-species communications in humans was of the face-to-face variety. And such communication rarely included strangers.
How times have changed! Think about the kinds of communications that are typical today. Yes, we communicate on cell phones. Our kids communicate through video games, Facebook, online chat rooms, Snapchat, and more.
Generally speaking, adults in our world today are wary about the rise of this kind of communication, with cell phone use and time spent online showing regular correlations with a variety of mental health problems (see Twenge, 2017). But from the perspective of evolutionary mismatch, the problem is even worse.
How Modern Forms of Communication Differ from Ancestral Forms of Communication
An evolutionist looking at a modern problem often asks the question of mismatch, which is essentially the question of how things differ now from the way things were while our ancestors were evolving in pre-agrarian conditions. Table 1 explicates a few ways that modern forms of communications differ from ancestral forms of communications:
Source: Glenn Geher
As you know, since you are reading this, I write this blog for Psychology Today titled Darwin’s Subterranean World. And like any blogger, I usually read the comments that people leave on my posts. Some comments are more thoughtful than others. And some comments are nicer than others.
Based on this experience, here is a tell-tale sign that a nasty comment is about to follow: When a comment is left by “Anonymous.” When I see that, I brace myself! Regularly, these comments are nasty and completely out of line. Often, they are equal parts incoherent rant and personal attack.
Intuitively, we can understand why. Someone who is posting anonymously to a blog probably will never meet the blogger in person. They probably have little investment in the blogger’s personal success. Further, unless the blogger is some kind of super computer hacker, the anonymous commenter is probably never going to “get caught.” So the possibility of retribution is unlikely.
Of course, evolved human conditions were not like this at all. However, the “anonymous blog comment” is, as we all know, just the tip of the iceberg. These days, people are regularly, across a broad array of platforms, communicating with others in anonymous, deindividuated ways. This is a highly mismatched, unnatural way for humans to communicate with one another, and for a variety of reasons, it brings out the worst in us.
The Nasty Face of Deindividuated Behavior
Deindividuated behavior is essentially behavior that takes place under conditions when one’s individual identity is diminished. Being in a large group, using a pseudonym, hiding behind a mask-there are all kinds of ways that one’s identity might be downplayed or even fully concealed under modern conditions.
For years, social psychologists such as Zimbardo (2007) and Diener (1976) have documented the fact that people are not exactly at their best when they are in a state of deindividuation. People are less likely to be kind, more likely to be aggressive, and more likely to engage in a broad array of anti-social actions under deindividuated conditions. For this reason, evolutionary psychologist A. J. Figueredo (2006) referred to large cities, in which people are often engaging with strangers under deindividuated conditions, as breeding grounds for psychopathic behavior.
Want people to be on their worst behavior? Put them in a deindividuated state and have all of their communications with others be fully anonymous.
Bottom Line
From the perspective of evolutionary mismatch, modern forms of social communication are more than a little problematic. Under ancestral conditions, nearly all communication was of the face-to-face variety. And it almost always included communication among individuals who have long-term bonds with one another. These days, a huge proportion of communication is of the hidden-behind-a-screen variety. And it often takes place between people who will only communicate with each other once in a lifetime. Any student of evolutionary social psychology will tell you that this is a recipe for trouble.
This understanding of modern social communication and evolutionary mismatch has implications for policy and change. All of our institutions include communications of many varieties. Cultivating face-to-face contact in communication processes in our institutions, educational, governmental, and beyond, could help address the issues delineated here. Similarly, reducing deindividuation and anonymity in communication platforms, such as those found on social media and online gaming, may well help encourage prosocial behavior among our young people. The future belongs to all of us. We ignore our evolved nature to our own detriment.
(Glenn Geher, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at the State University of New York at New Paltz. He is founding director of the campus’ Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) program).
Humans did not evolve to live in large-scale societies. Being nomadic for the lion’s share of human evolutionary history, ancestral humans had important ecological constraints on group size. If you are a nomad, you can’t really move an army of 100,000 people across the mountains every few months to chase game. Before the advent of agriculture, approximately 10,000 years ago, humans lived in small-scale societies. And our minds evolved to match these prevailing social ecological conditions .
In a small-scale society, you know everyone. And you can expect to interact with the same individuals for the long run. In such an environment, our ancestors evolved mental capacities that were shaped by evolutionary forces to thrive in such small-scale societies. Reciprocal altruism, or the tendency to help others with an implicit expectation of receiving help back at some point, emerged as a foundational aspect of the social, emotional, and cognitive worlds of our ancestors (see Trivers, 1985).
Further, under these prevailing conditions of human evolution (what some might call the EEA, or the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness), communication with others in one’s tribe was necessarily direct and was predominantly face-to-face. Written forms of communication didn’t emerge until well after the advent of agriculture-let alone telecommunications or internet-based communications. So for the bulk of human evolutionary history, intra-species communications in humans was of the face-to-face variety. And such communication rarely included strangers.
How times have changed! Think about the kinds of communications that are typical today. Yes, we communicate on cell phones. Our kids communicate through video games, Facebook, online chat rooms, Snapchat, and more.
Generally speaking, adults in our world today are wary about the rise of this kind of communication, with cell phone use and time spent online showing regular correlations with a variety of mental health problems (see Twenge, 2017). But from the perspective of evolutionary mismatch, the problem is even worse.
How Modern Forms of Communication Differ from Ancestral Forms of Communication
An evolutionist looking at a modern problem often asks the question of mismatch, which is essentially the question of how things differ now from the way things were while our ancestors were evolving in pre-agrarian conditions. Table 1 explicates a few ways that modern forms of communications differ from ancestral forms of communications:
Source: Glenn Geher
As you know, since you are reading this, I write this blog for Psychology Today titled Darwin’s Subterranean World. And like any blogger, I usually read the comments that people leave on my posts. Some comments are more thoughtful than others. And some comments are nicer than others.
Based on this experience, here is a tell-tale sign that a nasty comment is about to follow: When a comment is left by “Anonymous.” When I see that, I brace myself! Regularly, these comments are nasty and completely out of line. Often, they are equal parts incoherent rant and personal attack.
Intuitively, we can understand why. Someone who is posting anonymously to a blog probably will never meet the blogger in person. They probably have little investment in the blogger’s personal success. Further, unless the blogger is some kind of super computer hacker, the anonymous commenter is probably never going to “get caught.” So the possibility of retribution is unlikely.
Of course, evolved human conditions were not like this at all. However, the “anonymous blog comment” is, as we all know, just the tip of the iceberg. These days, people are regularly, across a broad array of platforms, communicating with others in anonymous, deindividuated ways. This is a highly mismatched, unnatural way for humans to communicate with one another, and for a variety of reasons, it brings out the worst in us.
The Nasty Face of Deindividuated Behavior
Deindividuated behavior is essentially behavior that takes place under conditions when one’s individual identity is diminished. Being in a large group, using a pseudonym, hiding behind a mask-there are all kinds of ways that one’s identity might be downplayed or even fully concealed under modern conditions.
For years, social psychologists such as Zimbardo (2007) and Diener (1976) have documented the fact that people are not exactly at their best when they are in a state of deindividuation. People are less likely to be kind, more likely to be aggressive, and more likely to engage in a broad array of anti-social actions under deindividuated conditions. For this reason, evolutionary psychologist A. J. Figueredo (2006) referred to large cities, in which people are often engaging with strangers under deindividuated conditions, as breeding grounds for psychopathic behavior.
Want people to be on their worst behavior? Put them in a deindividuated state and have all of their communications with others be fully anonymous.
Bottom Line
From the perspective of evolutionary mismatch, modern forms of social communication are more than a little problematic. Under ancestral conditions, nearly all communication was of the face-to-face variety. And it almost always included communication among individuals who have long-term bonds with one another. These days, a huge proportion of communication is of the hidden-behind-a-screen variety. And it often takes place between people who will only communicate with each other once in a lifetime. Any student of evolutionary social psychology will tell you that this is a recipe for trouble.
This understanding of modern social communication and evolutionary mismatch has implications for policy and change. All of our institutions include communications of many varieties. Cultivating face-to-face contact in communication processes in our institutions, educational, governmental, and beyond, could help address the issues delineated here. Similarly, reducing deindividuation and anonymity in communication platforms, such as those found on social media and online gaming, may well help encourage prosocial behavior among our young people. The future belongs to all of us. We ignore our evolved nature to our own detriment.
(Glenn Geher, Ph.D., is professor of psychology at the State University of New York at New Paltz. He is founding director of the campus’ Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) program).
