Lyndal Rowlands :
The Paris Climate Change Agreement Enters into force on Friday 4 November, just days before the UN’s 22nd climate change conference begins in Marrakech, Morocco.
“It’s a historic milestone for the whole world, especially for international cooperation, it’s unprecedented, however the hard work starts (now),” Yeb Sano, former chief climate change negotiator of the Philippines told IPS.
The swift entry into force of the agreement, which was reached in December 2015, means that the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Marrakech will now be able to focus on implementation, President of the UN General Assembly, Peter Thomson told IPS.
“The early ratification has been tremendously satisfying. It allows us to go to Marrakech with Marrakech seen as an action Conference of the Parties (COP),” said Thomson.
By international agreement standards – the Paris deal has come into force unusually quickly.
With rising global temperatures continuously breaking records, a diverse group of countries raced to join the agreement to ensure that implementation of the agreement could begin as soon as possible.
However, one reason why countries were able to join so quickly is because the agreement is not legally binding.
As Sano points out, the agreement “(falls) short on holding those are supposed to be accountable for the climate crisis.”
“The phrase fossil fuel does not appear even once in this document and the word commitment does not even appear in the Paris agreement.”
The early entry into force – while historic – also creates “an awkward situation,” says Sano.
Marrakech organisers will now have to decide if those who have not yet fully joined the agreement – about half of the 193 signatories to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – will be able to participate fully in ongoing talks.
This could potentially affect some of the poorest countries, which have not yet been able to join, Clare Shakya, Director of the International Institute for Environment and Development’s Climate Change Group told IPS.
“For SIDS nothing could be more important – tropical storms, the rising sea levels – is existential stuff for us.” Peter Thomson – President UN General Assembly
“It’s important that … the poorest countries are not left out of the room,” she said.
Many developing countries however led the push for the early into force arguing that developing countries – including small island developing states (SIDS) – are already being negatively impacted by climate change.
“It’s great news that Paris has entered into force so quickly and that it has at its heart equity and ambition,” said Shakya.
“The ambition that the least developed countries wanted was this 1.5 degree target and that’s the aspiration of the agreement, so there’s huge optimism.”
“The delivery (now) has to meet those same principles of equity and ambition and that’s where in Marrakech we’re really going to start to see how that is evidenced.”
The 1.5 degree target is considered essential for small island developing states (SIDS), like Fiji, where Thomson is from.
“1.5 is where things start changing and we’re almost there,” he said.
“For SIDS nothing could be more important – tropical storms, the rising sea levels – it is existential stuff for us.”
Many of the priorities for developing countries in Marrakech will centre around the important question of financing.
The good news, says Thomson, is that the swift entry into force of the agreement means that financing can now begin to flow.
“It’s not more talk, it’s freeing the finance up,” he said.However a key question for developing countries remains: will they be left to fend for themselves as droughts, floods and other extreme weather events push their already fragile development backwards?
This question continues to trouble Sano. At the 2013 UN climate talks in Warsaw, Poland, Sano made international headlines with his emotional plea for the victims of Typhoon Haiyan which had recently devastated his home country of the Philippines.
Sano, who is now Executive Director of Greenpeace South-East Asia, says that a key point of interest in Marrakech will be the continuation of discussions around the Loss and Damage mechanism.
Although developing countries had wanted this mechanism to be reviewed in 2015 in Paris richer countries wanted it pushed back to 2016 because they saw it as too controversial.
Another way that developing countries can potentially be assisted to adapt to increasingly severe weather events is through the USD 100 billion in climate financing that developed countries have promised to provide by 2020.
Shakya says that while various reports suggest that the financing is on track to reach this goal, these reports do not provide details for the least developed countries on “instruments and indeed on the targets.”
In particular, Shakya emphasised that much more financing needs to flow to least developed countries, particularly for adaptation, financing which is more likely to come from grants provided through the aid programs of developed countries.
“The finance that reaches poor people and allows poor people to decide how they’re going to use it has huge returns in terms of the resilience in those communities,” she said.
However much of the $100 billion dollars in financing will instead consist of loans to middle income countries for mitigation activities such as the construction of wind farms.
This means that poor countries like Haiti, will be left with little additional assistance to cope with increasingly extreme weather events such as Hurricane Matthew, which was made more severe by climate change.
(Lyndal Rowlands is the United Nations Bureau Chief at IPS – Inter Press Service. Before becoming a UN correspondent in 2014 she worked as a researcher, writer and evaluator in the international development sector).
