The New York Times :
The International Monetary Fund warned on Wednesday that the global economy faces an even deeper downturn than it previously projected as the coronavirus pandemic continues to sow uncertainty and businesses around the world struggle to shake off the virus.
The forecast underscores the scale of the task that policymakers are facing as they try to dig out from what the IMF has described as the most severe economic contraction since the Great Depression. Even as countries begin reopening their economies, it is increasingly evident that the recovery will be uneven and protracted, particularly until the virus dissipates or a vaccine becomes available.
In an update to its World Economic Outlook, the IMF said it expected the global economy to shrink 4.9% this year – a sharper contraction than the 3% it predicted in April. The fund noted that, even as businesses began to reopen, voluntary social distancing and enhanced workplace safety standards were weighing on economic activity. Moreover, the “scarring” of the labour force from mass job cuts and business closures means that the world economy will recover much more slowly, with the IMF projecting 5.4% global growth in 2021, far below its pre-pandemic projections.
The pandemic has not spared advanced or developing economies. The IMF now projects that the US economy will shrink 8% this year before expanding 4.5% next year. Economies in the eurozone are projected to shrink 10.2% this year and expand 6% next year. The economy of China, where the virus originated and which imposed draconian containment measures, is expected to expand 1% this year and 8.2% in 2021.
The prediction of a gradual and halting recovery is less sanguine than what Trump administration officials have been forecasting. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said on Tuesday that he anticipated a “spectacular rebound” in the second half of the year, and Larry Kudlow, the director of the National Economic Council, said he expected a V-shaped recovery, meaning a sharp, steady economic uptick on the heels of recession.
But the report notes that, even in countries where infection rates are declining, major obstacles to a resumption of normal activity persist. Travel and mobility remain depressed, and the virus has dealt a blow to consumption and business investment. “In most recessions, consumers dig into their savings or rely on social safety nets and family support to smooth spending, and consumption is affected relatively less than investment,” the IMF said. “But this time, consumption and services output have also dropped markedly.”
The pandemic has also curtailed the flow of global trade, which the fund estimated had contracted 3.5% in the first quarter from a year earlier.
That is in line with an estimate by the World Trade Organization, which said Tuesday that global trade had fallen sharply in the first half of the year. On the brighter side, that trajectory did not seem quite as bad as the group had previously projected.
Trade in goods shrank 3% year on year in the first quarter, while initial estimates indicate that it fell 18.5% in the second quarter, the steepest decline on record.
But those declines could have been much worse, the organisation said. Trade needs to grow only modestly for the rest of the year to meet the organisation’s more optimistic outlook of a 13% contraction in 2020, versus a more pessimistic potential decline of 32%.
Roberto Azevêdo, the director general of the World Trade Organization, called the development a “silver lining” but said governments needed to be on guard and continue to stimulate the economy.
“This is genuinely positive news, but we cannot afford to be complacent,” he said.
The IMF cautioned that its forecast was more uncertain than usual because the trajectory of the pandemic remained hard to predict. It praised robust fiscal and monetary policy responses around the globe for helping to contain the economic fallout, but warned that mounting debt could constrain additional support as governments began to worry about ballooning deficits.
