Daniel Gutman :
How should cities address the problem of waste? The most important thing is to set a clear objective: that the day will come when nothing will be sent to final disposal or incineration, says an international expert on the subject, retired British professor of environmental chemistry and toxicology Paul Connett, author of the book “The Zero Waste Solution.”
Connett was in Buenos Aires to discuss his views on the subject, while in the Argentine capital a harsh debate is taking place around the issue of garbage.
“The goal of zero waste can be achieved with a combination of factors that would allow the transition from a linear to a circular economy: community involvement and corporate responsibility,” Connett told IPS.
Earlier, on Jul. 18, the expert presented a 10-step strategy in a hall in the Buenos Aires City Legislature that was received enthusiastically by the audience which was invited to his conference on “Incineration: an environmental setback.”
“Society must separate its waste, which must be removed door to door. And it has to tell industry: if we cannot recycle, reuse or compost what you make, you have to stop making it. We need better industrial design for the 21st century,” he told IPS.
Connett, who grew up in England and lives in the United States, is a graduate of the University of Cambridge in the UK who has specialised in waste management for more than 20 years and has been on speaking tours in more than 60 countries.
He was invited to Argentina by environmental watchdog Greenpeace, one of the civil society organisations that in recent months have questioned the decision taken this year by the City of Buenos Aires Legislature to once again allow waste incineration, which had been banned.
The Argentine capital thus closes in a curious way a circle which began to be traced in November 2005, when the local legislature passed the Law for the Integral Management of Solid Urban Waste, seen at the time as pathbreaking and known as the “Zero Waste” law.
That law set phased targets for reducing the amounts of waste sent to landfills on the outskirts of the city until reaching a point where no waste would go to dumps by 2020.
However, in the years that followed, plans to implement waste separation and recycling failed miserably, to the point that the amount of garbage not only did not decrease, but actually grew: from 1,492,867 tons sent by Buenos Aires to landfills in 2004, to 2,086,740 tons in 2012, according to official figures.
After that, the waste generated by the city did begin to shrink, although far from the targets set by the law: in 2017, 1,101,203 tons went into landfills, compared to the target of 373,217 tons set by the law.
The Argentine capital proper is home to three million people, but the population of Greater Buenos Aires is 15 million, representing 34 percent of this South American country’s 44 million inhabitants.
“City authorities have done virtually nothing to reduce the amount of garbage sent for disposal. If there has been a reduction in recent years, it is thanks to the work of the ‘cartoneros’,” Leonel Mingo, campaign coordinator for Greenpeace Argentina, told IPS.
‘Cartoneros’ or waste pickers are people excluded from the labour market who pull their carts around cities at night in search of cardboard or other waste materials that they can resell.
The Buenos Aires city government gave formal status to more than 5,000 cartoneros, as recyclers grouped in 12 cooperatives. Today they wear uniforms and have health coverage. Some of them separate their waste in the four state-run green centres.
The El Alamo green centre, one of the waste separation facilities in Buenos Aires. Recycling was the basis of an ambitious and unsuccessful waste reduction plan, created by law in 2005. Credit: Greenpeace Argentina
The El Alamo green centre, one of the waste separation facilities in Buenos Aires. Recycling was the basis of an ambitious and unsuccessful waste reduction plan, created by law in 2005. Credit: Greenpeace Argentina
However, it is estimated that the number of cartoneros is more than double that figure, since many of them fell outside the government quotas and still work in the informal sector.
It is precisely the cartoneros who are at the forefront of the fight against waste incineration, because they are afraid of losing their livelihood.
“We play an important role and we will defend our rights. There are 12,000 cartoneros and we have the capacity to guarantee that recycling complies with the Zero Waste law. We are not going to allow incineration,” a waste picker, Jacqueline Flores, told IPS.
“I started to pull a cart during the 2001 crisis and for years I made my living this way. Today I am part of a team of 100 women who are environmental promoters, and we ring the doorbell of people in Buenos Aires to ask them to give their separated waste to the cartoneros,” said Flores, from the El Amanecer Cooperative,
In May, the city legislature amended the Zero Waste law, relaxing waste reduction targets and authorising incineration.
It was Mayor Horacio Rodríguez Larreta – of conservative President Mauricio Macri’s Cambiemos alliance – who pushed for the modification of the law and said that waste-to-energy plants would be installed.
However, the plan is now shrouded in uncertainty, since a judge suspended the implementation of the law in June when she accepted a joint proposal from cartoneros cooperatives and environmental organisations, which argued that incineration would pollute the air in Buenos Aires.
The court decision was appealed by the mayor and a final decision is pending.
Jacqueline Flores began working as a ‘cartonera’ in 2001, collecting recyclable products from the garbage with a cart, in the midst of a brutal economic and social crisis in Argentina. Now she is an environmental promoter and instructs the residents of Buenos Aires on how to separate waste. Credit: Daniel Gutman/IPS
Jacqueline Flores began working as a ‘cartonera’ in 2001, collecting recyclable products from the garbage with a cart, in the midst of a brutal economic and social crisis in Argentina. Now she is an environmental promoter and instructs the residents of Buenos Aires on how to separate waste. Credit: Daniel Gutman/IPS
“Like Buenos Aires, many large Latin American cities have problems with garbage, which politicians don’t know how to solve. You have to be stupid or corrupt to build an incinerator,” Connett said.
He told IPS that various Latin American countries, due to their large land areas, have great potential for reducing waste.
“A big city should export organic waste to rural areas, where it should be composted and used in agriculture,” Connett said.
“In turn, recyclable waste should be sent from the countryside to the city, where it can be recycled because there are many people who can benefit from this work,” he added.
The expert cited successful examples from the United States and Europe.
One of them is San Francisco, California which has managed to reduce the amount of waste sent to final disposal by 80 percent.
One of the key factors for this was the installation of a composting plant 70 km from the city that receives organic waste and converts it into fertilisers that are used by more than 200 vineyards in the area.
“I am the walking circular economy,” Connett said during his lecture in the city legislature, saying he paid just six dollars for the jacket he was wearing, made from recycled materials.
The circular economy is based on replacing the model based on producing-consuming-wasting with that of producing-consuming-recycling.
He also spoke in favour of fines for those who generate waste that cannot be reused or recycled.
“Garbage is a human invention, which we have to ‘disinvent’ through different behaviours and changes in industrial design,” he said. And he closed his presentation with an appeal to the public: “Never let the experts take away the conclusions you reach through common sense.”
-IPS
